Michael D. Swords : UFO が Ubatuba で爆発した際に落下したとされる破片の分析報告書
要旨
Michael D. Swords, Walter Walker, Robert Johnson らによる長文の分析報告書（pdf）、
Analysis of Alleged Fragments from an Exploding UFO near Ubatuba, Brazil: an introduction
https://www.nicap.org/reports/ubatuba/WALKER-JOHNSON-JUFOS%20.pdf
を見かけた。（全体は 11MB と長いので）冒頭部分のみを 検索/RAG 用に記録しておく。
ブラジル、ウバツバ近郊でUFOが爆発した際に落下したとされる破片の分析:
マイケル・D・スウォーズによる序文
要旨:
UFOから落下したとされる希少な物体のひとつに、1950年代にブラジルの海岸で落下したと見られるマグネシウム金属片がある。この物議を醸す物質は、いくつかの研究所で調査されたことがあるが、これまで、詳細に報告されたことは一度もなかった。このレビュー記事の中心となるのは、1969年から70年にかけてウォーカー博士とジョンソン博士が執筆した未発表の論文であり、この論文では、当時入手可能な研究を比較し、重要な新しい冶金分析を追加している。 これらのテストでは、物質の性質に関するより詳細な情報を追加しているが、地球由来の物質か地球外の物質かを明確に特定することはできない。
この分析報告書が重要なのは、
- 地球由来の物質か地球外の物質かを明確に特定することはできない。
という報告書の結論部分。これは Jacques Vallee の主張（Ubuntu 金属破片は地球産ではありえない）と相違している。
以下、OCR による文字起こし。
Analysis of Alleged Fragments from an Exploding UFO near Ubatuba, Brazil: an introduction
By Michael D. Swords
Abstract:
One of the rare alleged artifacts from a UFO, which was available for proper scientific study in laboratories, was the fall of magnesium metal fragments which apparently occurred on the coast of Brazil in the 1950's. These controversial materials have been looked at by several laboratories, but, until now, never properly reported upon in depth. The core of this review article is a paper, hitherto unpublished, written in 1969-70 by Drs. Walker and Johnson, which compares the studies available at that time, and adds significant new metallurgical analyses. While adding more descriptive information about the nature of the material, these tests do not allow a clear identification as either terrestrial or extraterrestrial materials.
Historical Introduction
In March of 1960, the APRO Bulletin produced a story of alleged UFO fragments bearing the banner headline, "PHYSICAL EVIDENCE." The report stated that in September of 1957 a reader o the Rio de Janeiro daily, O Globo, had sent a letter as follows:
"Dear Mr. Ibrahim Sued. As a faithful reader of your column and your admirer, I wish to give you something of the highest interest to a newspaperman, about the flying discs. If you believe that they are real, of course. I didn't believe anything said or published about them. But just a few days ago I was forced to change my mind. I was fishing together with some friends, at a place close to the town of Ubatuba, Sao Paulo, when I sighted a flying disc. It approached the beach at unbelievable speed and an accident, i.e., a crash into the sea seemed imminent. At the last moment, however, when it was almost striking the waters, it made a sharp turn upward and climbed rapidly on a fantastic impulse. We followed the spectacle with our eyes, startled, when we saw the disc explode in flames. it disintegrated into thousands of fiery fragments, which fell sparkling with magnificent brightness. They looked like fireworks, despite the time of the accident, at noon, i.e., at midday. Most of these fragments, almost all, fell into the sea. But a number of small pieces fell close to the beach and we picked up a large amount of this material -- which was as light as paper. I am enclosing a small sample of it. I don't know anyone that could be trusted to whom I might send it for analysis. I never read about a flying disc being found, or about fragments or parts of a saucer that had been picked up. Unless the finding was made by military authorities and the whole thing kept as a top-secret subject. I am certain the matter will be of great interest to the brilliant columnist and I am sending two copies of this letter -- to the newspaper and to your home address."
From the admirer (the signature was not legible), together with the above letter, I received fragments of a strange metal ...
The original witness/correspondent (to this writer's knowledge) remains unknown to this day. Local people remember some vacationers there at the time, but that is all.
There has been one published statement that the event may have occurred as many as 20 years earlier (in the 1930s)(Pierre Kaufman in Sturrock: 1985 and Vallee:1990), but as no proper documentation was given for that claim, and because it is at variance with the primary case investigator's (Dr. Olavo Fontes) findings in local interviews, it is best disregarded at this time. The event, if it happened at all, is probably a late summer 1957 phenomenon. (Fontes: 1962).
Olavo Fontes, the renown Brazilian investigator of UFOs, became involved with the case immediately, due to the fact that the sample fragments were sent to O Globo along with the correspondence. Fontes' description of the materials and the Brazilian testing of them are included in the formal paper by Drs. Walker and Johnson which follows. Their report also discusses subsequent U.S. testing carried out largely in connection with the famous University of Colorado Project for the study of unidentified flying objects (the "Condon Project"). Since the writing of the Walker-Johnson study, the only other properly reported study of the Ubatuba fragments has been by Dr. Peter Sturrock of Stanford. Unfortunately, this report, though by a scientist of highest quality, is currently available only in the briefest form: that of an abstract for an oral presentation to the Society of Scientific Exploration in 1984. (Sturrock: 1985). The relevant results from the abstract are quoted below. The referred to tests on isotopic ratio do not seem to be available anywhere for "public" scientific perusal, nor does there seem to be paper publication of another claimed test by an Australian group (Walker: 1980). This laxity in proper publication may be forgiven by the lack of available publishing vehicles, due to editorial hostility to UFO-related research, but in 1992 with the existence of this present journal and its sister publication, the Journal of Scientific Exploration, one hopes that such covert results will rapidly become public.
Now, before we proceed with the major paper by Drs. Johnson and Walker, a few relevant quotes to aid the reader in the appreciation of the dimensions of testing thus for involved with these fragments. Here is the report by Dr. Sturrock:
The "Brazil magnesium" first came to public attention in Rio de Janeiro in 1957. Its reputed place of origin was the Ubatuba area, but this purported origin has never been substantiated. As described in the Condon Report, the Colorado Project investigated this material to the extent of arranging for neutron-activation analysis. The samples are composed of magnesium, and are more pure than commercially produced magnesium but possibly not as pure as multiply sublimed magnesium.
At various times, the samples have been analyzed for chemical composition, with the following results expressed, for brevity, as elements detected with abundance greater than 100 ppm; Brazil (three tests with emission spectrographs), none; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (emission spectrograph), Al, Fe, Si; Dow Chemical Company (emission spectrograph), Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sr; Bureau of Internal Revenue (neutron activation), Ba, Sr, Zn; MIT (electron microprobe), none; and Evans Associates (Camica ion microprobe), Al, Ca, Li, Mn, Sr.
Through the courtesy of Mr. James Lorenzen of APRO, I have been able to arrange for further tests on these samples, with the following results: Stanford University (electron microprobe), none; NASA Johnson Space Flight Center (ARC ion microprobe) none: Evans Associates (Cameca ion microprobe). C. Ca, CI, Fe, K, Li, Na, Sr, Ti. None of the positive detections can be securely attributed to the interior metal of the sample. Consequently, after all these years, we still do not have a single reliable measurement of the actual impurities and impurity level of the Brazil magnesium. By contrast, the isotopic ratio has been measured at the California Institute of Technology and at the University of Paris at Orsay with high accuracy and with consistent results. The ratios are the same as in normal terrestrial magnesium. Measurements at Stanford with an electron microprobe show that the white material covering much of the magnesium is Mg(OH) with the following impurities each at about 2,000 ppm; Ca, Cl, Fe, Si, Ti.
Investigations by Dr. Pierre Kaufmann of Sao Paulo have shown that the only aerial event to occur at or near Ubatuba in 1957 was the crash of a DC3. However, In 1933 or 1934, a bolide passed over Ubatuba and crashed at a nearby beach. At approximately the same time, some unusually light material was captured in the nets of fishermen in the area. Sturrock: 1985.
During the initial studies by Dow Metal Products in 1961, the chief investigator, Dr. R. S. Busk, director of the metallurgical laboratory said this about the fragment:
We have also examined the piece metallographically and find that it is quite free of inclusions and has a columnar grain. A conclusion I would arrive at from these two sets of facts is that this is a very good sample of high purity magnesium. One element that is rather high is calcium at 0.01%.
We have seen many samples of magnesium that are as clean and low in alloy content as this material. Busk: 1961
Writing for the University of Colorado during the Condon Project investigation, Dr. Roy Craig wrote the Lorenzens with the following news:
I promised you a copy of the analysis of Ubatuba magnesium. A copy of the neutron-activation analysis results is attached. While these results are in some ways surprising, they should be dependable. I deliberately took them to a laboratory where the personnel had no special interest in the UFO question (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division of the Bureau of Internal Revenue). I personally delivered the samples there, and watched the entire operation of sample irradiation and gamma-spectrometry. Thus I know there has been no hanky-panky involved in this analysis. I have all the original data -- i.e. gamma-spectrometer read-out tapes and graphs, irradiation data, and exposure and counting times -- here in the office so they are available for re-checking.
We did not irradiate the entire Ubatuba sample, but used a sliver of it, which is adequate for neutron-activation analysis. I'll return the rest of your sample to you, as per our agreement, but would like to keep it until I confirm that the composition is or is not unique in any way. I may wish to have it examined metallographically before returning it.
Incidentally, neutron-activation also allows us to determine if the magnesium has an unusual isotope ratio. The reaction Mg26 (n, ) Mg27 would produce more radioactive Mg27 if the magnesium originally was composed of unusually great amounts of the Mg26 isotope. Because of the letter to you from Frederic B. Jueneman, a copy of which you sent to me, we looked at this possibility in Washington. The concentration of Mg26 isotope was essentially the same as in terrestrial magnesium (11.2%). Craig: 1968A
Finally, in the last "wave" of Ubatuba testing (in the seventies), an unnamed governmental laboratory (NASA) measured the isotopic ratios of the magnesium, and, when asked to publish the results, issued this strange (and anti-scientific) viewpoint:
"We believe that the request to provide these analyses was reasonable; however, in view of the fact that this sample has normal terrestrial isotopic composition, we see no purpose in publishing this result. As I mentioned to you, we frequently receive requests from individuals to check whether a rock or a piece of metal is a meteorite. In most eases, it is either a terrestrial rock or a furnace slag. In none of these instances do we publish our finding. .... we believe that the magnesium results are of no scientific interest and should not be published. The owner of the material may be told informally that the magnesium is of terrestrial composition; however, without identifying the source of the information." Anon: 1976?
Drs. Walker and Johnson (as well as Dr. Sturrock and we at JUFOS) do believe in publishing testing and results, however, and so we are happy to present the complete text of the research paper by Drs. Walker and Johnson, ending a gap which has remained in this case for thirty years.
以下省略
(2024-08-29)